Observation of parity–time symmetry in optics. Pseudo-Hermiticity versus PT symmetry: the necessary condition for the reality of the spectrum of a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. Making sense of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians. Real spectra in non-Hermitian Hamiltonians having PT symmetry. Theory of coupled optical PT-symmetric structures. Of importance, our scheme opens a door towards synthesizing novel microscale photonic structures for potential applications in optical isolators, on-chip light control and optical communications.Įl-Ganainy, R., Makris, K. With this composite system, we further implement switchable optical isolation with a non-reciprocal isolation ratio from −8 dB to +8 dB, by breaking time-reversal symmetry with gain-saturated nonlinearity in a large parameter-tunable space. Here, we experimentally realize parity–time-symmetric optics on a chip at the 1,550 nm wavelength in two directly coupled high- Q silica-microtoroid resonators with balanced effective gain and loss. However, the beam dynamics can exhibit unique features distinct from conservative systems due to non-trivial wave interference and phase-transition effects. Such structures can be designed as optical analogues of complex parity–time-symmetric potentials with real spectra. Compound-photonic structures with gain and loss 1 provide a powerful platform for testing various theoretical proposals on non-Hermitian parity–time-symmetric quantum mechanics 2, 3, 4, 5 and initiate new possibilities for shaping optical beams and pulses beyond conservative structures.
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